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*459 In the midst of this confused, gloomy, and seriously exigent condition of affairs, the Constitutional Convention of 1787 met at Philadelphia. The defects of the Articles of Confederation were so great as to be beyond all hope of amendment, and the Convention, acting in technical excess of its authority, proceeded to frame for submission to the people of the several states an entirely new Constitution. Shortly prior to the meeting of the Convention, Madison had assailed a bill pending in the Virginia Assembly, proposing the payment of private debts in three annual instalments, on the ground that "no legislative principle could vindicate such an interposition *460 of the law in private contracts." The bill was lost by a single vote.[4] Pelatiah Webster had likewise assailed similar laws as altering the value of contracts; and William Paterson, of New Jersey, had insisted that "the legislature should leave the parties to the law under which they contracted.
In the plan of government especially urged by Sherman and Ellsworth there was an article proposing that the legislatures of the individual states ought not to possess a right to emit bills of credit, etc., "or in any manner to obstruct or impede the recovery of debts, whereby the *461 interests of foreigners or the citizens of any other state may be affected."[6] And on July 13, 1787, Congress in New York, acutely conscious of the evils engendered by state laws interfering with existing contracts,[7] passed the Northwest Territory Ordinance, which contained the clause: "And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts, or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud previously formed."[8] It is not surprising, therefore, that, after the Convention had adopted the clauses, no state shall "emit bills of credit," or "make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts," Mr. King moved to add a "prohibition on the states to interfere in private contracts." This was opposed by Gouverneur Morris and Colonel Mason. Colonel Mason thought that this would be carrying the restraint too far; that cases would happen that could not be foreseen where some kind of interference would be essential. This was on August 28. But Mason's view did not prevail, for, on September 14 following, the first clause of Art. I. § 10, was altered so as to include the provision. "No state shall . . . pass any . . . law impairing the obligation of contracts," and in that form it was adopted.[9].
There is a lot of deception in those words. The public debt was easily paid off by the sale of unoccupied lands that were considered pubic lands. Public in that case means for all, for everyone, like air, sun, water, food, shelter, land, is for everyone.
The deception required in order to twist the public things (res-publica) into "special interests" (private things) the deceivers have to confuse those two words. That makes very good reasonable sense, using logic, but it is very hard to see because of the confusion built into our lives from birth.
If it is the public debt (our country debt, our national debt, our state debt, our voluntary, mutual defense, debt, we as people owe, because we volunteer to be on the land, in the boarders, of our state) it is everyone's debt, and where common law was the law of the land, debt is paid in jury duty, and debt is paid in military duty if attacked, and in the American federation of states debt (for those people in those states) was paid in the sale of land. Debt was paid when people buy (invest) in the voluntary, mutual defense, association in your nation state, or country, which was a state, which was a former (slave plantation) colony.
Here:
"To the officers and soldiers in the service of the king of Great Britain, not subjects of the said king :
The citizens of the United States of America are engaged in a just and necessary war—a war in which they are not the only persons interested.
They contend for the rights of human nature, and therefore merit the patronage and assistance of all mankind.
Their , success will secure a refuge from persecution and tyranny to those who wish to pursue the dictates of their own consciences, and to reap the fruits of their own
industry. That kind Providence, who from seeming evil often produces real good, in permitting us to be involved in
this cruel war, and you to be compelled to aid our enemies in their vain attempts to enslave us, doubtless hath in view to establish perfect freedom in the new world,
for those who are borne down by the oppression and tyranny of the old.
Considering, therefore, that you are reluctantly compelled to be instruments of avarice and ambition, we not only forgive the injuries which you have been constrained to offer us,
but we hold out to your acceptance a participation of the privileges of free and independent states. Large and fertile tracts of country invite and will amply reward your industry."
That is in the secret documents for the original federal congress now available on the Union States Assembly web page. In those words, like the words describing the meaning of federation following, are the words that ring true with Matthew 7:12.
"That the question was not whether, by a declaration of independence, we should make ourselves what we are not; but whether we should declare a fact which already exists:
"That, as to the people or Parliament of England, we had always been independent of them, their restraints on our trade deriving efficacy from our acquiescence only, and not from any rights they possessed of imposing them; and that, so far, our connection had been federal only, and was now dissolved by the commencement of hostilities:
"That, as to the king, we had been bound to him by allegiance, but that this bond was now dissolved by his assent to the late act of Parliament, by which he declares us out of his protection, and by his levying war on us a fact which had long ago proved us out of his protection, it being a certain position in law, that allegiance and protection are reciprocal, the one ceasing when the other is withdrawn:"
It was entirely possible at the time to move from the old bonds that bind criminal masters and their enslaved victims. Among the founders were infiltrators whose bond with each other was, is, and always will be the bond of willful choice to employ deception, threat of aggressive violence, and aggressive violence upon innocent victims, and in this case the deception is confusing public debt (voluntary mutual defense) with private debt (voluntary contracts), and where rule of law is strictly voluntary the opposite rule by criminal means is strictly involuntary as those who enforce involuntary association on other people, are the criminals, whereby they would never allow the same involuntary association enforced upon themselves, which is repugnant to the law explained so well in Matthew 7:12. The criminals confess their evil intent to enslave their targeted victims the moment they move from voluntary association (public debt) into (false) government private debt collection agency. That is the deceptive employment of the true bond that binds all people to all people voluntarily, which is the res-public, or government of the people, by the people, and for the people, truly for all, but deceptively employed instead of true law for all, and employed by the criminals as a special interest, a private corporate debt collection agency, whereby those who steal power have the power to then enforce their money monopoly scheme, and make their one money scarce for their victims, plentiful for their exclusive, elite, group, and make their victims powerless, where their victims are then paying any price to "borrow" the private money monopoly power to purchase, which is (criminal) interest on monopoly money, which is not private contract interest voluntarily agreed upon by free, independent, traders making a private lending deal. The criminals use the public thing to pay the cost of enforcing their criminal money lending scheme, which is a "subsidy" paid by all (public funds) where the private money lenders (monopolists) offset their own costs they create when they impoverish their victims to a point where their victims cannot physically survive AND pay the interest in the private debt scam. So...a free market would not tolerate such things as liar loans, stated income loans, and money monopolies, because the costs created by the criminal lenders would eventually require the criminals to spend all their profits on making sure that their victims never gain enough power to defend themselves. So...the money lender criminals must confuse the victims into a false sense of security in paying for their own demise, by digging their own graves, by giving all their voluntary defensive power to the criminals who impoverish the victims, under the color of law, as the victims are led to believe that they are paying for their own sanctuary, their own defense, when in reality they are handing their defensive power to the very criminals who impoverish them, and create their state of defenseless debt slavery. This is all covered in the Bible well enough here:
Proverbs 1:8 - 19
"8 Hear, my son, your father's instruction And do not forsake your mother's teaching ; 9 Indeed, they are a graceful wreath to your head And ornaments about your neck. 10 My son, if sinners entice you, Do not consent. 11 If they say, "Come with us, Let us lie in wait for blood, Let us ambush the innocent without cause ; 12 Let us swallow them alive like Sheol, Even whole, as those who go down to the pit ; 13 We will find all kinds of precious wealth, We will fill our houses with spoil ; 14 Throw in your lot with us, We shall all have one purse," 15 My son, do not walk in the way with them. Keep your feet from their path, 16 For their feet run to evil And they hasten to shed blood. 17 Indeed, it is useless to spread the baited net In the sight of any bird ; 18 But they lie in wait for their own blood ; They ambush their own lives. 19 So are the ways of everyone who gains by violence ; It takes away the life of its possessors."
Lies that impoverish all, because some chose evil:
FALSE:
"The defects of the Articles of Confederation were so great as to be beyond all hope of amendment..."
That is false. The slave traders in the north and south included African Slave Traders, Irish Slave Traders, and false Government Banking Monopoly Debt Slave Traders. These infiltrators were making a living (an evil existence, or counterfeit living as we understand the phrase "make a living," or earn a living, or be good stewards of what is given to us such as land, water, life, posterity, etc.) at pretending to be the government (public thing) while subsidizing their organized crime rings. So long as the African Slave Traders, the Irish Slave Traders, and the Debt Slave Traders could make a deal with each other, divide up the spoils, so long could those Slave Trader infiltrators command their creation which is a false version of the public thing, which is no longer for all the people all the time, which is instead for their exclusive Slave Trading Cabal, at the expense of everyone, including themselves, because they could have actually been good stewards instead of choosing to be criminals.
The public debts could have easily been paid off with sales to private people, who constitute new additions to the army of independent people volunteering to do what they can to defend their property within each independent state, as there were (and still are) large, unoccupied, tracts of land. The tracks of land were no longer occupied by anyone, including Indians, because the Indian population had been wiped out by diseases before the Europeans began settling America. Many of the good settlers formed voluntary mutual defense associations with the Indians, and much of the good, moral, voluntary, remaining, surviving, Indian population helped in creating the Revolutionary ideas, to adapt the American independent, mutual defense association, and federation, into what it was before the criminal slave traders usurped it in 1787/89.
If private contracts between people in Britain (the enemy whose crimes include rape, torture, mass murder, and worse) are to be enforced through due process of law in America, at the time, then all that is covered, each case, with common law due process. The criminals had to reestablish their criminal extortion racket enforcement arm, which was loosely named exchequer, admiralty, maritime, equity, nisi prius, summary, "court," which is a counterfeit version of a common law court, or court of record, or court of conscious, where trial by the country (the people) proceeded according to the common law.
If these people wanting to "improve" the Articles of Confederation wanted to pay off National Debt, then they had to first create a Criminal Nation State, to then trade with the enemy, give the enemy power, power taken from the people in the Criminal Nation State. That was the story in Massachusetts during the events that became known as Shays's Rebellion. Massachusetts was taken over by infiltrators sharing RULE BY CRIMINAL MEANS with the British. The people in Massachusetts continued the Revolutionary War in that independent State where the criminals had reestablished their RULE BY CRIMINAL MEANS.
That is covered very well in a book, and the following lecture:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QSwmvMr9cY